Transformer Calculator
A transformer converts AC voltage between different levels using electromagnetic induction between two coils. The fundamental relationship is V1/V2 = N1/N2, where V is voltage and N is the number of turns. This calculator determines turns ratio, secondary turns, and current relationships for an ideal transformer.
An ideal transformer transfers power from the primary to the secondary winding with no losses. The voltage ratio equals the turns ratio: V1/V2 = N1/N2. A step-down transformer has more primary turns than secondary, reducing voltage; a step-up transformer has fewer primary turns, increasing voltage.
Since power is conserved in an ideal transformer (P1 = P2), the current ratio is the inverse of the voltage ratio: I2/I1 = N1/N2 = V1/V2. Stepping down voltage steps up current proportionally, and vice versa.
Real transformers have losses from copper resistance (I²R heating), core losses (hysteresis and eddy currents), and leakage flux. Efficiency of well-designed power transformers typically ranges from 95% to 99%. Transformers are essential for the electrical grid, converting high-voltage transmission to lower distribution voltages.